What is signal? The existence that generates language Preface-Main Issue 5 Time and ideogram / 5 April 2019
The existence that generates language
2018-2019
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References
Reference is cited from the papers written
at SekinanLibrary and SRFL
28 February 2019
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Main Issue 1
Quantum Group
Main Issue will be written from the angle of Quantum group.
2 March 2019
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Category theory
Contents
Derived Category Language, 23 July 2016 Edition
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Main Issue 3
Broad language
Contents
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- Aurora Theory Distance and Time <Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3> 5th Time for KARCEVSKIJ
From Gauss Plane to Aurora
Dictoron Quantum and Trace [AT1]
Dictoron and Aurora
＜Language is aurora dancing above us.> [AT2]
Aurora and Curvature [AT3]
Dictoron as Language quantum [AT4]
Aurora and Riemann Sphere [AT5]
Limitation of Meaning [AT7]
Aurora Plane [AT8]
Word, Phrase and Sentence
＜Language Multi-Time Conjecture 2> [AT10]
Distance and Time
＜Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3> 5th Time for KARCEVSKIJ [AT11]
Read more: https://srfl-paper.webnode.com/products/aurora-theory-contents/From Gauss Plane to Aurora 2
Opened Time and Closed Time Revised For WANG Guowei and DELBRÜCK Max [ATT4-2]
Read more: https://srfl-paper.webnode.com/products/aurora-time-theory-contents/
...........................................................................................................Text 1On Time Property Inherent in Characters
TANAKA Akio
Here I will try to consider on the generation and the function of characters that have been used in Chinese which is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology.
Concerning the early forms of characters, we can verify them by the ancient inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell that were discovered at /Yinxu/ and so forth. At the first stage that is usually classified to five on the inscriptions, they already displayed the inceptive completion, from where it is very difficult to speculate the beginning shapes of characters. On vocabulary and syntax, inscriptions displayed the almost same inceptive completion. Here what is inceptive completion is meant that comprehension or speculation is practicable by the usage of modern Chinese. Therefore the generation and the function of characters are subsidiary after the inscriptions. On the situation of forming the inscriptions namely explanation to decipher inscriptions, many researches are accumulated. Here, in these researches, I proceed with consideration claiming the works of after 1990 in main.
1 Generation of characters
When we see the inscription of character /yu/ that means bringing up in English, it is impossible to doubt that this inscription shows the situation of childbirth time by woman. In this inscription the situation of childbirth is shown by three stages. First there is a figure in which woman is going to give birth to a baby crossing both arms at the front of her chest. She takes a bent-forward posture, sticks her buttocks out and bend her knees gently. Second the situation of what the waters break is shown by the signs similar to dotted lines. Third at central or under part of the waters, a new born baby is shown in the shape of baby’s head inverted. Through three factors illustrated in the inscription, character /yu/ is clearly expressed the situation of childbirth time and the immediately after the birth time.
When we see the inscription of character /yan/ that means language or speak in English, the form of the inscription is simplified or transformed considerably at the first stage of classification on inscriptions. So the explanation to decipher inscriptions is developed variously. Here I will show one interpretation including the result of Chinese archeology in recent years. A form of character /yan/ is able to see the three parts that are upper, middle and under. According to the result of Chinese archeology, the upper part is regarded as the tongue’s point of a bronze bell used at meeting in /Yin/ period. The central part of character /yan/ is the body of a tongue. The under part of character /yan/ is regarded to be the outside of a bell. In /Yin/ period, at the time to let the meeting begin, the bronze-like bell was ringed loudly to let the people connected to know. When the meeting was opened, the bell was inferred to put up side down on a table. That is to say, the main body of a bell is inferred to be putted up side down and the tongue of a bell is inferred to be putted upward on the form of bell’s setting. This setting of a bell is shaped regarded to become the character’s form of inscription of on bone and tortoiseshell. According to this interpretation of the inscription, /yan/ can be said to show the situation of post-notification of a meeting in /Yin/ period.
Therefore the figuration of the reversed bell was regarded to become the inscription of character /yan/.
When we see the inscription of character /geng/ that means to cross in English, we comprehend that the inscription shows the two parallel lines in which a bow pattern is included. WANG Guowei†0 regarded that this inscription is as same as the character /heng/ that means permanent or lasting in English. Now I follow his interpretation. He wrote in his paper that two up-and-down lines are both banks of a river and inner bow shaped figure is a ship which goes and returns between the banks†1. According to this interpretation, /geng/ or /heng/ shows the operations of crossing a river, that operations are permanently repeated in an identical space†1.
From the inscriptions of three characters of /yu/, /yan/ and /geng/, now we can induce or infer the following.
First, Inscriptions which are original shapes of characters, in some cases, have a proceeding time in characters themselves. That is to say, as for character /yu/, that means the time of childbirth, from beginning to end. As for character /yan/, that means the time of meeting, from announcement to being open. As for character /heng/, that means the proceeding time of crossing the river by ferry.
Second, on the inscriptions, several aspects of the various phenomena which occur on the proceeding time in characters are sometimes shown by the images or implications. As for character /yu/, remarkable aspects’ figures are bending mother’s body, amniotic fluid and new born baby†2. As for character /yan/, the one remarkable is the bell which is set in the upside down condition, which means the announcement of meeting which was already opened a few minutes ago. The other remarkable is the same bell which is set on the table in the upside down condition, which means the meeting is now going†3. As for character /heng/, remarkable aspects are both banks and a ferry boat.
Third, on the inscriptions, several aspects, which are shown by the remarkable figures, transmit the messages. As for character /yu/, babybirth from mother’s body, the situation of birth time and new baby appeared in this world are transmitted simultaneously by the one character /yu/. As for character /yan/, transmitting is announcement of meeting, opening of meeting and contents of being discussed by the meeting. As for character /heng/, work of crossing the river, reach the opposite bank of the river and repetitions of these works, namely, constancy are transmitted for the information.
Therefore from the induction or inference on the generation of character’s meaning above mentioned, the following function of characters is led for us.
2 Function of characters
First, the time-proceeding aspect being inhered in every character has the strong tendency toward the most distinctive information of the real world. As for character /yu/, while woman is giving birth to a baby, the most distinctive information is the figure of mother’s body bending, and after birth, the existence of a new baby becomes the most distinctive information†2. The various grammatical functions of one character are generated from the time proceeding and successive phenomena of distinctive aspects in the real world.
As for character /yu/, at the birth time, verbal aspect of giving birth is emphasized, but after birth nounal aspect of a new born baby oneself is emphasized. As for character /yan/, before the meeting verbal aspect of telling the opening is the most important thing, but while being opened or after the meeting the nounal aspect of speaking content of the meeting is the most valuable thing†3.
Second, when two or over two characters are connected, every character wants to emphasizes selecting one distinctive aspect inherent in oneself, and want to connect to the other character or characters. Because if two or over two aspects is transmitted, there will appear the non-clearness in the information. As for character /yu/, connection with character /sheng/ (which means grow in English), namely /sheng yu/, in this situation /yu/ means give birth to in English. Connection with /cai/ (which means a person of talent in English), namely /yu cai/, in this situation /yu/ means educate in English. That is to say, character /yu/ has two phases of meanings. One is concerned with the situation of child-birth of mother’s body. The other is concerned with the situation of a person that is already growing.
Third, every character has several aspects of inherent time inclination. When there is a connection of two characters, each character has the choosing operation from the several meanings in the character. Two or over two characters generate a new meaning complex by the operations of choosing the most precedent meaning in the each. This complex can maintain the new clearness of information on the connection of characters which have many branches of meanings in total.
For example, from above mentioned characters /yu/, /yan/ and /heng/, when two characters /heng/ and /yan/ are connected to one word /heng yan/, /heng/ chooses the meaning constant in English and /yan/ chooses the meaning utterance in English. New meaning complex is the expression by the stable person. This /heng yan/ appears in the Chinese classic Mengzi by the complex meaning.
Then, when every individual character does selectivity of aspects, what functions does work in the characters? On the other hand, when two or over two characters connect by the choosing the most precedent meaning respectively, what functions does work out of the characters?
3 Self selectivity of function on character
Now I examine the situation of what two or over two characters connect and generate the new aspect complex. For instance, I adopt above mentioned characters connection word /heng yan/.
In the first place, /yan heng/, which is a reverse disposition of /heng yan/, is examined. This characters disposition is not notified as the one word generally in the Chinese. This characters set is usually recognized as a sentence. The meaning is <The utterance is eternal.> in English. That is to say, this characters set does not generate new aspect complex and two aspects of every individual character form in a line. Why this divergence, namely generating word or sentence, occurs in the characters disposition?
Here I infer that< time property inherent in characters> is worked. Detailed inference is mentioned below.
On <time inherent in characters>, time has various longitudes, from short to long. As the case stands that two times in two characters touch in succession and the former character’ time is longer than the latter character’ time, these two characters connect tightly and generate a new aspect complex. But on the reverse situation, that is to say, the former character has shorter time than the latter character, these two characters have the difficulty to generate a new aspect complex, every individual character has a tendency to stand alone each other.
As for characters connection /heng yan/, character /heng/ has <an eternally long time> inherent, on the other hand, character /yan/ has <a temporary short time>. Like this connection of characters that the former is long time inherent and the latter is short time inherent, a new aspect complex is generated in principle.
Therefore characters /heng yan/ become one word and characters /yan heng/ become one sentence which is constituted from the two characters.
That is to say, on Chinese language that is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology, for there are no phenomena of declension, the main them of the grammatical functions is the break of words, namely characters, and the selection of parts of speech.
On the decision of grammatical functions, now I institute two conceptions for language. One is <time inherent in characters>. The other is <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>.
<Time inherent in characters> is above mentioned. <Self selectivity of aspects> is also above mentioned. Say over again, when time inherent in the successive character is shorter than the former character’s, two characters are composed and become one word. But the latter is longer than the former; two characters are not composed and become one sentence.
As a result, there become two divergences. One is the generation of a new aspect complex. The other is succession of two individual aspects. The former become a word. The latter become a sentence.
This distinction leads a new view for the generation of lexis and the structure of syntax. Time inherent in characters is examined by the property of characters, especially by the inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell in ancient China. Therefore <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters> is a hypothesis in the present stages.
4 Time principle on language
Generally, recognition of word or structure of meaning on word, which is estimated one of the most important themes on linguistics, is extremely difficult to examine for long time. For the examination of the theme, now I chose the inscriptions on ancient China. These inscriptions are the most effective materials for analyzing the structure of meaning on language. Then, one of the most effective means is to verify <Time inherent in characters> and <Self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>. Now I collectively call these two factors as <Time principle on language>.
Hakuba March 28, 2003
Written by Japanese
Original Edition
Tokyo January 3, 2005
Translated into English
Standard Edition
Sekinan Research Field of Language
[Postscript June 23, 2008]
†0<WANG Guowei>- Sekinan Research Field of Language / 5 WANG Guowei / Tokyo November 8, 2004
- For WANG Guowei
†1<Period>- Stochastic Meaning Theory / June 22, 2008
†2<Multi-time>- Clifford Algebra / Note 5 / TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-Time Theory / Tokyo January 25, 2008
†3<Time flow>- Time Theory / Tokyo December 25, 2004
- Language and spacetime / Time Flow in Word / Tokyo May 3, 2007
<More details on the theme>- Invitation by Theme-Time / Tokyo January 6, 2008
[Postscript July 11. 2008]- Solid Trace Theory / Solid Trace / Tokyo April 19, 2006
- For Authentication of Solidity / Tokyo November 6, 2005
[Postscript December 23, 2008]- Energy Distance Theory / Conjecture 2 / Geometry of Word / Tokyo November 23, 2008
- Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / Conjecture 5 / Time of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
[Postscript July 30, 2014]- TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-time Theory / Clifford Algebra Note 5 / 25 January 2008 / Note added 30 July 2014
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Text 2
Distance and Time
<Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3>
1
Sentence that appears aurora is expressed by integral on Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
2
Sentence has distance that is expressed by the height of trapezium on sentence plane.
Refer to the following paper.
3
Sentence has time that is expressed by the vector on the right or left side of trapezium.
| AB | = S・tb-a
Here | | is distance between phrase A and phrase B, abbreviated to DAB.
S is velocity of moving DAB.
tb-a is time-lag of phrase A and phrase B. Each phrase generates according to its peculiar time.
Now the radius of Riemann sphere is r. The angle made by vector A and vector B is θ.
Here θ is Function (xa, ya, xb, yb), and any point (x, y) is on complex plane.
DAB is expressed by 2 r sinθ/2.
S is expressed by 2 r sinθ/2 / tb-a.
Now when tb-a is unit time 1, S is expressed 2 r sinθ/2.
S is variable by pointing word on complex plane.
So Dictoron’s velocity on Riemann sphere is variable.
Refer to the following papers.
Tokyo October 28, 2006
Postscript January 25, 2008
[Basis]
[References]
<Past work on multi-time themes>
<For more details>
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Text 3
1
Objection from words of complex plane to the Poles of Riemann sphere makes aurora plane that consists of phrases and sentences.
Refer to the following paper.
2
Situation of aurora’ phrase is expressed by longitude, latitude and direction to the next phrase.
Refer to the following paper on direction.
3
Now Riemann sphere has a unit radius.
Refer to the following paper.
4
When word is written on complex plane, phrase is indicated on Riemann sphere to which dictoron radiates from the origin of the sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
5
Word on complex plane corresponds to frame on Frame-Quantum Theory.
Phrase on Riemann sphere corresponds to quantum on Frame-Quantum Theory.
Refer to the following paper.
Also refer to the following papers.
Also refer to the following papers groups.
6
Dictoron has spin.
Refer to the following paper.
7
Dictoron has two units of information at the same time.
Refer to the following paper.
8
Dictoron has ability to work as quantum computing.
Refer to the following paper.
9
When dictoron at the origin of the sphere reaches on Riemann sphere, phrase is generated.
When dictoron on Riemann sphere returns to the origin of the sphere, phrase is extinguished.
Refer to the following paper.
10
When dictoron moves between the origin and surface of Riemann sphere, phrase is generated and extinguished.
11
Generation and extinction of phrase are called time progression and time regression.
12
Now place of dictoron is expressed by the combination of longitude, latitude, direction and time.
13
The combination is indicated by the coordinates (x, y, z, and t).
14
The coordinates has symmetry.
Refer to the following paper.
15
From symmetry of coordinates, there exists reverse phrase point on Riemann sphere by symmetric transformation.
16
Dictoron’s movement to the point has reverse progression.
17
Time to the reverse progression has reverse progression time.
The time is called imaginary time.
Refer to the following paper.
18
Place on Riemann sphere expresses time and imaginary time of dictoron.
19
Place of imaginary time makes imaginary word on complex plane.
Refer to the following paper.
20
Word and imaginary word indicate language universe.
Refer to the following paper.
21
The universe is measured by distance.
Refer to the following paper.
22
Time concerning about dictoron is also measured by distance.
Refer to the following paper.
23
Distance makes matrix (x, y, z, t) (-x, -y, -z, -t).
24
There comes matrix (-x2, -y2, -z2, -t2).
25
Now becomes function – (x2+y2+z2+t2). The function is called function I.
26
Function I specifies a line segment.
27
The segment expresses dictoron’s movement containing progression and regression of time and imaginary time.
Tokyo October 21, 2006
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Text 4
Dictoron, Time and Symmetry
<Language Multi-Time Conjecture>
A
1 Dictoron is language quantum that has meaning.
Dictoron is now represented by photon.
2 Meaning is indicated by quantum’s spin that is classified to upward and downward.
3 Dictoron is discharged from Riemann sphere’s center point.
Riemann sphere has the radius that is photon’s unit speed 1.
4 Dictoron is on Riemann’s sphere after photon’s unit time.
5 Here dictoron has time that is indicated by vector.
6 Dictoron’s place is on Riemann sphere whenever dictoron has any vector.
7 Projection of Riemann sphere’s surface from North Pole of Riemann sphere to orthogonal coordinates is expressed by complex plane.
8 Riemann sphere of time’s expression is symmetry at any time that has various vectors.
9 If Riemann sphere has electrical charge, dictoron is affected by the charge.
10 Dictoron’ meaning, now indicated by spin, is expressed by quantum’s spin situation on Riemann sphere.
11 Quantum’s situation is projected to complex number field.
12 Dictoron is expressed by norm space.
B
13 Riemann sphere is symmetrical on time, namely any vector.
14 Different time vector has different projected complex number field.
15 Dictoron’s movement to Riemann sphere let us conjecture existence of multi-time.
Refer to the following paper.
Tokyo October 6, 2006
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Text 5
Why Human Time Flows Fast and Slow on Occasion
1 Word is expressed on complex plane and phrase is expressed on Riemann sphere.
2 When word is presented at regular intervals, namely unit time 1, velocity of dictoron’s movement on Riemann sphere becomes to be variable.
Refer to the following paper.
3 Here human mind be on Riemann sphere and outer world be on complex plane, regular presentation of words on complex plane makes variable velocity consequence on Riemann sphere.
4 Concentration is in whether human mind has Riemann sphere or not.
Refer to the following paper in early work on characters.
Tokyo October 28, 2006
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Text 6
1 Language is expressed by word, phrase and sentence in Aurora Theory.
Word is on complex plane.
Phrase is on Riemann sphere.
Sentence is trapezium in Riemann sphere.
Aurora appears phrase on Riemann sphere.
Aurora also appears sentence in Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
2 Surface of Riemann sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
3 Dictoron’s distance from coordinates’ origin after unit time is 1.
After unit time, dictoron that is represented by photon reaches the surface that has distance 1.
Refer to the following paper.
4 Dictoron’s distance is expressed by ct.
c is light velocity. t is time.
ct is 1 after unit time.
x2 + y2 + z2 = (ct) 2
5 Now function F is presented from dictoron’s distance.
Function is expressed by F = (ct) 2 - x2 - y2 - z2.
6 Here F be invariant, F becomes Minkowski space.
F’s invariant is given by interval.
Interval is expressed by generating Riemann sphere’s surface. It is abbreviated to GRSS.
7 GRSS is objected to complex plane by unit circle and its inside.
The circle is on z = -1 plane.
8 Minkowski space is expressed on complex plane containing time dimension.
Tokyo November 5, 2006
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Text 7
Imaginary Time and Imaginary Space
From HAWKING Stephen
1 Language is expressed by word, phrase and sentence in Aurora Theory, abbreviated to AT.
Refer to the following paper.
2 Dictoron reaches Riemann sphere that has the radius r1 of 1 by the time t1 from the origin of coordinates.
Riemann sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Here c is light velocity, r1 = c t1 = 1.
Refer to the following paper.
3 Dictoron has distance that is abbreviated to ds.
In Aurora Theory, phrase is expressed on Riemann sphere by dictoron’s radiation from coordinate’s origin.
Phrase takes shape when ds = 1.
Phrase does not take shape when ds < 1 or ds > 1.
4 Now in Aurora Time Theory, abbreviated to ATT, 4 dimensional sphere that has the radius 1 is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 = 1.
Here t is time dimension.
5 In ATT, phrase takes shape when ds = 1 and phrase does not take shape when ds < 1 or ds > 1.
6 In ATT, t2 = 1 – (x2 + y2 + z2).
When x2 + y2 + z2 > 1, t2< 0.
t becomes imaginary number.
7 In AT and ATT, word is expressed on complex plane and phrase is expressed on the sphere. ds has real number 1.
8 In ATT, t is expressed by 1/c. Here c is light velocity. So t be imaginary number, the expression is i/c.
9 4 dimensional coordinates in ATT, when t is expressed by i, the sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 2.
10 In ATT, when ds = 1 and the sphere is x2 + y2 + z2 = 2, dictoron is in the sphere. So phrase does not make shape.
11 Dictoron in ATT has magnitude by the definition that is expressed by ds.
When t is imaginary unit i, remained magnitude to the destination for phrase is 1.
12 If t be imaginary unit i, non-existential space that is measured by remained magnitude 1 is to be existent.
13 When t is imaginary number, now verified imaginary unit i, t is called imaginary time.
14 Imaginary time makes <should-not-be-existent-but-logically demanded> space in the ATT’s sphere.
The space is called imaginary space.
Tokyo November 11, 2006
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Text 8
Enlarged Distance Theory
For CELAN Paul
Ansprache anläβlich der Entgegennahme des Literaturpreises der Freien Hansestadt Bremen
1 Language was supposed to have distance for mainly making sentence.
Refer to the following paper under roughly sketched situation.
2 Distance in 4 dimensional space is indicated by Minkowski space.
(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2-(Δx)2-(Δy)2-(Δz)2
Δs is distance. c is light velocity. Δt = t2-t1. Δx = x2-x1. Δy = y2-y1 Δz = z2-z1.
3 Now if time is imaginary time it by being showed from HAWKING S., distance is indicated by Euclid space.
-(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2+(Δx)2+(Δy)2+(Δz)2
Here distance (Δs) becomes imaginary number.
This distance means that 4 dimensional space has imaginary number’s distance. The distance is abbreviated to imaginary distance.
Imaginary distance is in imaginary space.
Refer to the following paper.
4 Imaginary distance is interpreted by the following.
4-1 On complex plane imaginary number is objected to the circle that is expressed by y2 + z2 = 1.
The circle is called to imaginary ring.
4-2 Imaginary ring expresses point at infinity of hyperboloid by Caley transformation.
4-3 In consequence, on point at infinity, imaginary distance is expressed on the circle.
4-4 In 4 dimensional space, on point at infinity, the imaginary distance is expressed on a circle.
5 Thus supposition is the following.
In 4 dimensional space, distance on point at infinity is definitely expressed by HAWKING’s imaginary time.
Tokyo November 20, 2006
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Text 9
Opened Time and Closed Time
1 Time is classified to opened time and closed time.
2 Opened time is a real time in our world.
3 Closed time is an artificial time in artificial things.
For instance, Chinese characters have closed time.
Refer to the following paper.
Also refer to the following papers.
Also refer to the following papers.
Perspective on the theme is indicated below.
4 Closed time has starting point and ending point.
On Chinese character /kun/, meaning difficult in English, the situation of closed time is explained in the concrete.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the theme is indicated below.
5 Now closed time be supposed to be a definite line or plane, the time is thinkable by closed set on topological space.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
6 In Aurora Theory, word of language is expressed on complex plane, phrase of language is expressed on Riemann sphere and sentence is expressed in Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
7 In Aurora Time Theory, language is connected with time by Minkowski space.
Refer to the following paper.
8 In Minkowski space, distance of language is supposed to be measured by disparity between time and place.
(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2-(Δx)2-(Δy)2-(Δz)2
Here time be imaginary being showed by HAWKING S., distance is supposed to be measured by addition between time and place.
-(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2+(Δx)2+(Δy)2+(Δz)2
The distance becomes imaginary number.
The distance is called to imaginary distance.
Imaginary distance is expressed on a circle on point at infinity.
Imaginary time, imaginary distance and infinity is defined by closed set on topological space.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
9 There appears conjecture on time.
Conjecture 1 Closed time is in writing.
Conjecture 2 Imaginary time is in closed time.
Conjecture 3 Imaginary distance is in imaginary time.
Conjecture 4 Imaginary spacetime is in Riemann sphere by objecting from complex plane of word and phrase.
Conjecture 5 Real time is in opened time and imaginary time is in closed time. Both are expressed by Riemann sphere.
Tokyo November 25, 2006
Tokyo November 26, 2006 Dedication, consideration 8 and Conjecture Revised
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