Mirror Language

 

Mirror Language

TANAKA Akio

1
There are two languages in the language world.                                                         
One is real language, the other is mirror language.
Real language has distance in the real world.
Mirror language has distance in the mirror world.
2
Typical real language is a cooking language.
There is a recipe in the kitchen.
A person cooks by the recipe, later delicious dishes put on the table.
Here the recipe is in real language.
Delicious dishes are in the real world.
3
Typical mirror language is a pray language.
A person prays to god in a shrine, later he verifies God’s help.
Here pray is in mirror language.
Verified God’s help is in the mirror world.
4
Quanta of real language have distance from the real world.
5
Quanta of mirror language have distance from the mirror world.
6
In real language starting point of distance is a quantum on a linear orbit, and ending point of distance is a standstill point of a sentence.
7
In mirror language starting point of distance is a mirror image point of a quantum on a linear orbit, and ending point of distance is a standstill point of a sentence.
Mirror image point is a plane symmetrical point about a standstill point of a sentence.
Standstill point is a symmetrical plane.
8
Real language and mirror language are both physically speak and read in the real world.
But distances are absolutely separated.
The distance of real language is real.
The distance of mirror language is imaginary.
9
Quanta of real language finally go to the real world.
They have real distance.
Quanta of mirror language also go to the real world.
They have imaginary distance.
They approach to the real world from mirror world.
Distance of real language is shown by the real number.
Distance of mirror language is shown by the imaginary number.
10
When real language and mirror language are mixed, they are, at first, all in the mirror language. And finally they go to the real world.
For example, the sentence- /God/ /saves/ /me/, it is at first in the mirror language for /god/. And words-/saves//me/ return to the real world for their reality.
Second example, a sentence-/I//pray// god/, it is also at first in the mirror language for /god/. And words-/I/ /pray/ return to the real world.
11
Each distance has strength.
Longer distance is stronger than shorter distance.
Probably /god/ is a quantum that has the strongest distance in the world.
For details about strength, see <strength rule> in <Quantum Theory for Language>.
12
The concept of mirror will be useful for the linguistic examination of religious field in anthropology.

[Reference]
Theory Map / Map 1 / Quantum Theory for Language

Tokyo June 10, 2004
Sekinan Research Field of Language

[Referential note June 5, 2009]
Reversibility of Language / Floer Homology Language Note 4 / Tokyo June, 2009

Mirror Theory

 

Mirror Theory

For the Structure of Prayer
Dedicated to the memory of CHINO Eiichi

TANAKA Akio


1
Language is afar distant from the real world.
2
There is a certain distance between language and the real world.
3
Language is guaranteed to be reliable for the human being
4
Language continuously aims at uniting the real world.
5
The distance from the real world to language is going to be shortened.
6
The end of a sentence is a situation in which language and the real world are united into one or shortened distance to the utmost.
7
Prayer is the act of going beyond the real world by language.
8
Language is usually going to unite the real world.
The real world is a standstill point for language.
In prayer the real world is not a standstill point but a passing point.
Language has a force of uniting or going near the real world.
Language of prayer has an excess force going beyond the real world.
This excess force comes from pray that maintains the distance that exists from language to the real world. 
It is a memory.
It is a continuous effort of thinking about never existing in the real world.
9
Beyond the real world language is no more guaranteed by the real world.
This situation is guaranteed by the distance from language to the real world.
This distance is a mirror of real distance.
This distance is called mirror distance.
Mirror distance is defined.
Mirror distance is the central concept of Mirror Theory.
Mirror theory is a trial for exceeding the real world.
We can think of prayer from the linguistic ground.
10
Mirror theory is an extension of  <Distance theory>. 

[Reference]
Theory Map / Map 1 / Quantum Theory for Language

Tokyo June 5, 2004
Sekinan Research Field of Language

[Referential note June 5, 2009]
Reversibility of Language / Floer Homology Language Note 4 / Tokyo June, 2009

Reversion Theory

 

Reversion Theory

TANAKA Akio


1
In <Quantum Theory for Language> two major principles are worked.
One is <time principle>.The other is <reversion principle>.
2
From <time principle> two major rules are derived.
One is <connection rule>. The other is <separation rule>.
3
From <reversion principle> one rule is derived. It is <strength rule>.
4
In the theory language is divided into two categories.
One is <actual language>. The other is <imaginary language>.
<Actual language> and <imaginary language> are belong to <real language>.
<Real language> and <Mirror language> are opposed.
<Mirror language> of <actual language> is <imaginary language>.
<Mirror language>of <imaginary language> is also considered.
5
In <real language> <reversion principle> is always worked.
This principle guarantees the credibility of language.
6
In the theory language is constructed from the linear arrangement of plural number of <quantum of language>.
7
In the linear arrangement the first quantum is the weakest. The last quantum is the strongest. In this situation <strength rule> is worked.
8
The strongest quantum touches the real world.
9
The real world is the standstill point of the reversion of language.
10
The reversion of language is the main power of integration of sentence.
11
A quantum of language sends messages to the next quantum.
12
Messages succeed to the last quantum which gives the standstill of sending messages.
13
The standstill point of language is < real world>. 
14
<Real world> is an axis of symmetry on <actual language> and <imaginary language>.
15
<Real world> is an axis of symmetry on <real world> and <mirror language>.
16
Messages of quanta are digital signals of electricity on the model simplified level of the quantum theory for language.
17
This model is abbreviated to <MSL> of the theory.
18
In the model two elements are worked.
One is <time element>. The other is <distance element>.
Both are abbreviated to <TE> and <DE>.
19
The succession of <time element>s and <distance element>s makes <word>s and <sentence>s.
20
This succession is subscribed by the linear digitized signals.
21
In the <MSL>, <TE> is classified by the longitude of time.
The minimum time is numbered by 1, the maximum time is numbered by 9.
In the number 1, subdivision is classified from 1 to 9.
If necessary, sub-subdivision is classified from 1 to 9.
In these working, all <TE> of quanta are digitally classified.
22
In the <MSL>, <DE> is classified by the length of distance.
Numbering is similar to the case of <TM>.
23
<TE> and <DE> are elements of language, especially <grammar> and <meaning>.
24
In <Quantum Theory for Language>, <meaning> is imminent in each quantum.
The typical example of the theory is Classical Chinese, especially character inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell. In these inscriptions, <meaning> is expressed in unitary or composite figures.
25
The figures in each inscription are completed respectively.
Each figure is separated in writing and seeing.
26
The figure is a <signal>.
The inscription has a <message> which consists of signals.
27
A signal can be replaced with a number.
For example characters /ri/ /shang/, the sun rises in English are numbered by 1 and 2.
Characters /chuan//xia/, river flows in English are numbered by 3 and 4.
Figures are finite. Contracted numbers are also finite.
Each character has one or over one figures. So it has one or over one numbers.
This work is called <sequence of numbers on signals>.
<Sequence of numbers on signals> is regarded as <meaning> in our daily usage.

Tokyo September 27, 2004
Sekinan Research Field of Language

Postscript
[Referential note October 14, 2007]
<Reversion Theory> is related with the next papers for the most part.
On Time Property Inherent in Characters   Hakuba March 28, 2003
Quantum Theory for language Synopsis   Tokyo January 15, 2004
Distance Theory   Tokyo May 5, 2004
Prague Theory Dedicated to KARCEVSKIJ, RAUE and CHINO   Tokyo October 2, 2004
Mirror Theory For the Structure of Prayer   Dedicated to the Memory of CHINO Eiichi   Tokyo June 5, 2004
Mirror Language   Tokyo June 10, 2004
Guarantee of Language For LÉVI-STRAUSS Claude   Tokyo June 12, 2004
Actual Language and Imaginary Language To LÉVI-STRAUSS Claude    Tokyo September 23, 2004
[Referential note January 26, 2008]
Basic concepts of <Reversion Theory> are prepared under the reading of SAPIR Edward and influenced from the lecture on Linguistic circle of Prague and KARCEVSKIJ Sergej by CHINO Eiichi.
Refer to the next.
Warp Theory / Dedicated to SAPIR Edward / Tokyo October 24, 2004
For CHINO Eiichi
For KARCEVSKIJ Sergej　
For Prague
For SAPIR Edward  
[Referential note December 7, 2008]
Distance of Word / Tokyo November 30, 2008 / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
Reflection of Word / Tokyo December 7, 2008 / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
Mirror Theory Group / Tokyo December 9, 2008

Prague Theory

 

Prague Theory

Dedicated to KARCEVSKIJ, PRAGUE and CHINO

TANAKA Akio

1
Language consists of quanta of language.
2
Quantum of language is the minimum unit of language.
3
The quantum has the inherent time and meaning.
4
The quantum has the distance from the real world.
5
The distance adds relative meaning to the inherent meaning.
6
The inherent time and meaning are generated from the complex of the simple images abstracted from the real world.
7
The simple images are left in characters of Chinese language /hanyu/.
But many languages using the phonetic sign do not remain the traces of images.
8
The simple images have their own passage of time.
9
Chinese character /kun/, difficult in English has two simple images inside.
One is an enclosure.
The other is a tree in the enclosure.
The enclosure has the time of no passage.
The tree has the time of own growth.
The complex of the two images leads two consequences.
One is <time element> that is abbreviated to TE.
The other is <meaning element> that is abbreviated to ME.
TE is a sort of artificial time. In this situation, the tree grows in the passage of time.
But this tree does not destroy the enclosure.
The time of the tree stops immediately before the destruction of the enclosure.
TE has a separated time from start and end of the tree.
This is the <inherent time†> of the character /kun/.
ME is also artificial. The tree grows eternally, but does not destroy the enclosure similarly in eternity.
This is the situation of character /kun/.
So inherent meaning emerges, having difficult condition never changed in eternity.
10
ME is changed in the arranging set of quanta of language. This set is called <sentence>.
Chinese /xue shuxue/, learn mathematics in English, has two /xue/.
The two are quanta of language.
The first quantum has longer distance than the second quantum. So according to the situation, two quanta have an additional meaning to the inherent.
The second quantum has a shorter distance that is closer to the real world. So Close meaning to the real thing is added.
The first quantum has a longer distance that is more separate to the real world. Additional meaning is also more separate from the real thing.
In the arrangement of the quanta set, complex meaning is emerged.
This meaning is called <additional meaning element>, abbreviated to AME.
11
In the set of quanta of language, three elements <time element> <meaning element> <additional meaning element> are working.
Now I call the view on language <Prague Theory> for having a high regard to KARCEVSKIJ, PRAGUE and CHINO Eiichi.


Tokyo 
October 2, 2004
Sekinan Research Field of Language

[Postscript January 31, 2008]
<Basis>
†On a basis of /kun/’s periodic <inherent time>, refer to the next.
Clifford Algebra / Note 6 / Periodicity / Tokyo January 26, 2008
[Postscript February 2, 2008]
<Basis>
†On respective differences of <inherent time>, refer to the next.
Clifford Algebra / TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-time Theory / Tokyo January 25, 2008
<References>
<<Past work on multi-time themes>>
Aurora Theory / Dictoron, Time and Symmetry <Language Multi-Time Conjecture> / Tokyo October 6, 2006
Aurora Theory / Word, Phrase and Sentence <Language Multi-Time Conjecture 2> / Tokyo October 25, 2006
Language and Spacetime / Time Flow in Word For KOBARI Akihiro and His Time / Tokyo May 3, 2007
<<For more details>>
Invitation by Theme-Time / Data Arranged at Tokyo January 6, 2008
Aurora Theory
Language and Spacetime

Distance Theory

 

Distance Theory

TANAKA Akio

1
Distance theory is an extension of Quantum Theory for Language.
2
Distance theory is an extension of strength rule in Quantum Theory for Language.
3
Distance theory is considered for the purpose of the guarantee to language.
4
What quanta of language propel to the end of the sentence is for the purpose of the guarantee to language, in which quanta of language finally unite the real world in the end of propelling.
5
The guarantee to the inherent signification of indicator in quantum of language is quantified by the distance which starts from the real world to the quantum of language.
6
A quantum consists of indicators.
An indicator has a signification and a period inherently.
The structure of quantum is indicated in Quantum Theory for Language.
7
An inherent signification is an element in a quantum.
An inherent time is an element in a quantum.
There are two types of elements, significant and periodical.
Element is defined.
8
A significant element gets a signification from the real world.
A periodical element gets a time from the real world.
9
An indicator gets a meaning and a period from elements.
10
An element emerges from the real world to the language world.
An indicator gets power from the elements in the language world.
A quantum moves in the language world by the power of indicators.
11
An element emerges to the language world, because each element has immanent perceptible area which works upon visual sensation and auditory sensation of the human beings.
12
An indicator gets energy in the language world, because each indicator has a tendency which will approach and finally coincide with the real world.
This continuous tendency guarantees the trust in language for the human beings.
13
A quantum moves in the language world toward the real world.
A quantum is not guaranteed in the situation of cessation.
A quantum is guaranteed by the connection to the real world.
Therefore a quantum propels to the real world.
14
Indicators make meaning and connection rule in a quantum, both are derived from significant and periodical elements in an indicator.
15
Meaning is guaranteed by the tendency of coincidence with the real world.
Guarantee of the meaning is reduced by the remoteness of distance from the real world.
16
Connection rule is decided by periodical elements in indicators.
Details are indicated in Quantum Theory for Language.
17
Signification in an indicator and meaning in a quantum once emerged are occasionally transformed or expanded in the language world.
This alteration is called multiplication.
Multiplication is defined.
18
Multiplication generally occurs by the addition of signification in an indicator.
But multiplication in meaning of a quantum sometimes occurs without any addition oneself.
19
Multiplication in a quantum without addition occurs by situational transition in the language world.
20
Situational transition in a quantum is caused by difference of distance from the real world.
Difference of distance at a quantum is a proceeding of abstract thinking in human beings.
21
A quantum of language itself becomes <word> in the language world.
Word is defined.
Therefore each word has a distance toward the real world.
A distance immanent in a word does not emerge itself.
Distance emerges in the linear situation of words gathering.
This situation is called <sentence>.
Sentence is defined.
Therefore sentence is an emergence of distance in words gathering.
Words form a line, thereafter one arrangement is determined.
Sentence is realized in our world.
22
In Chinese language, /lai/ come has a larger distance than /liao/completion.
Words are arranged from the end of a sentence, according to the own- possessing- distance.
Therefore /lai le/ having come is realized.


Tokyo 
May 5, 2004
For the memory of Kusatsu Shiranesan March 30, 2004
Sekinan Research Field of Language


Postscript 
[Referential note / October 14, 2007]
<Distance Theory is related with the next papers at early work.>
On Time Property Inherent in Characters   Hakuba March 28, 2003
Quantum Theory for Language Synopsis   Tokyo January 15, 2004
Reversion Theory Tokyo September 27, 2004
Prague Theory Dedicated to KARCEVSKIJ, PRAGUE and CHINO   Tokyo October 2, 2004
Mirror Theory For the Structure of Prayer   Dedicated to the Memory of CHINO Eiichi   Tokyo June 5, 2004
Mirror Language   Tokyo June 10, 2004
Guarantee of Language For LÉVI-STRAUSS Claude   Tokyo June 12, 2004
Actual Language and Imaginary Language To LÉVI-STRAUSS Claude    Tokyo September 23, 2004

[Referential note / December 25, 2007]
Algebraic Linguistics / From September 11, 2007
Distance Theory Algebraically Supplemented / From October 4, 2007
Noncommutative Distance Theory / From November 30. 2007

[Referential note / July 7, 2008]
<On meaning>
For KARCEVSKIJ Sergej
<On time>
Invitation by Theme-Time / Data first arranged at Tokyo January 6, 2008
<On distance>
Invitation by Theme-Distance / Data first arranged at Tokyo February 20, 2008
<On measure as generalization of distance>
Holomorphic Meaning Theory / From Tokyo June 15, 2008
Stochastic Meaning Theory / From Tokyo June 22, 2008

[Referential note / December 7, 2008]
Distance of Word / Tokyo November 30, 2008 / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
Reflection of Word / Tokyo December 7, 2008 / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
Mirror Theory Group / Tokyo December 9, 2008

[Referential note / December 22, 2008]
<On meaning minimum>
Cell Theory / From Cell to Manifold / Tokyo June 2, 2007
<On place of meaning>
Stochastic Meaning Theory 3 / Place of Meaning / Tokyo July 11, 2008
<On confirmation of meaning>
Stochastic Meaning Theory 2 / Period of Meaning / Tokyo June 27, 2008
<On warp>
Warp Theory
Quantum Warp Theory / Warp
Warp Theory Group
Quantum Warp Theory Group
<On finiteness in manifold>
Amplitude of Meaning Minimum / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com
Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com

[Referential note / December 23, 2008]
Time of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com

[Referential note / January 1, 2009]
<On meaning and grammar>
Orbit of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com

[Referential note / January 31, 2009]
<On distance>
Word Problem of Word-hyperbolic Group / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com

Quantum Theory for Language Synopsis

 

Quantum Theory for Language

Synopsis

Revised and Noted from Prototheory Paper   On Time Property Inherent in Characters


TANAKA Akio

1
The object of this theory is isolating languages. #1
2
The Chinese language is adopted for the model of isolating languages. #2
3
In this theory the Chinese character is regarded as the Chinese language.
Therefore this theory is the theory for written language. #3   
4
The Chinese character is the basis of this theory.
5
The Chinese character is the quantum of language. #4
Quantum is defined.
The quantum of language is the smallest unit of language.
The quantum of language has the force.
This force propels oneself to the next quantum.
Force is defined.
6
The quantum consists of indicators. #5
7
The indicator is the shape abstracted from the real world.
Indicator is defined.
The indicator has the signification and the period inherently.
8
The inherent signification of the indicator is produced from the work of the real world.
Inherent signification is defined.
The inherent period of the indicator is produced from the time of the real world.
Inherent period is defined.
9
The quantum consists of one or more than one indicators.
10
The quantum has the inherent meaning and the inherent time that is produced from one or more than one indicators. #6
11
The inherent meaning of the quantum is produced from the indicator or the combination of the indicators.
Inherent meaning is defined.
12
The inherent time of the quantum is produced from the indicator or the combination of the indicators.
Inherent time is defined.
13
The period of indicator has the start point and the end point.
The length of two points is called the period zone.
Period zone is defined.
The time of quantum have the start point and the end point.
The length of two points is called the time zone.
Time zone is defined.
14
The time zone of the quantum decides the state of the connection of the two quanta.
This state of the connection is called <time principle of quantum>.#7
15
The front quantum that has the short time zone can connect the rear quantum that has the long time zone.
This qualification is called <connection rule>.
This situation of connection is called word.
Word is defined.
16
The front quantum that has the long time zone cannot connect the rear quantum that has the short time zone.
This qualification is called <separation rule>.
This situation of separation is called sentence.
Sentence is defined.
17
Language has the gathering of words.
This gathering is called territory.
Territory is defined.
18
Language has the gathering of sentences.
This gathering is called province.
Province is defined.
19
The quantum appears for the purpose of adding the new value of the territory. #8
The value can spread the recognition of the human being.
This value is called harvest.
Harvest is defined.
20
Quantum propels oneself to the next quantum on a line.
This line is called orbit.
Orbit is defined.
21
Quanta propel on an orbit by the force of quanta.
The force of the quantum is produced from the indicator.
The indicator is the shape abstracted from the real world.
Therefore the indicator constantly approach to the real world.
This approach makes the force of quantum.
The force is placed in this theory.
The quantum connects real world by the force of approach.
This connection guarantees the existence of the quantum.
The quantum makes the word.
The quanta make the word.
The word is guaranteed.
The quanta make the sentence.
The sentence is guaranteed.
The quanta make the language.
The language is guaranteed.
22
A sentence needs an orbit.
Another sentence needs another obit.
Two sentences cannot propel on the same orbit.
This qualification is called <propelling rule>.
23
A sentence becomes at rest when a quantum approaches the most nearly to the real world.
The force of the quantum disappears because of no use of approaching to the real world.
This phenomenon is called standstill.
Standstill is defined.
Standstill phenomenon is concerned with the prayer of belief in human being.
Because the prayer is the act of constantly approach to the real world of religion.
Standstill phenomenon is a subject for the anthropology of religion. #9
24
The orbit is linear.
Next orbit is under the former orbit in this theory.
The quantum of next orbit is located just below the quantum of the former orbit.
For example from Chinese, / Wo shuo de shi jiade. /In English, What I say is a lie.
By the combination rule, the separation rule and propelling rule, this Chinese is showed below.
     Wo
shuo
             de
               shi jia
                    de.
This showing of the orbits is called orbit table. #10
Orbit table is defined.
The quanta on the same orbit is called phrase.
Phrase is defined.
In the orbit table, the place of the each orbit is called the layer.
Layer is defined.
25
In upper orbit table, the orbit of /shuo/, say, and /shi jia/, is a lie, is located in another layer. 
The orbit of /shuo/ is guaranteed.
The orbit of /shi jia/ is also guaranteed.
26
The orbit of /shuo/ and the orbit of /shi jia/ are different.
Two orbits belong to another place of the language.  
Language is made from orbits on which quanta are located.
27
/Wo shuo de shi jia de. / becomes contradiction in the current recognition of language.
But in this theory /shuo/ and /jiade/ are located another orbit.
Therefore contradiction is avoided.
Two orbits are equally guaranteed.
But the quantum of /shuo/ is farther than the quanta of /shi jia/ from the standstill.
/shi jia/ is nearer to the real world than /shuo/.
In the linear obit, nearer quantum to the standstill is stronger to the real world.
This is called <strength rule>.
Strength is a quantity of distance, from one quantum to the real world.
Strength is defined.
28
/Wo shuo de shi jia de. / is recognized below.
“The world is a lie. One place in this world I tell someone something.”
There is no contradiction here.

Notes
#1
This theory originates in the concept <drift> of Edward Sapir.
#2
This theory is indebted to the book of Wang Yingzhi, Jingzhuanshici.
#3
Chinese characters are almost the Chinese language itself.
Because Chinese syllabic sounds always request the own images for the memories.
Therefore Chinese characters can also act as the spoken Chinese. 
#4
This Concept originates in the paper of Wang Guowei, Yinbucizhong suojian xiangong xianwang kao.
#5
Chinese character /yu/ generally means give birth to in English.
In ancient style of character /jia gu wen/ inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells, it has three indicators, woman bending forward, body fluid at childbirth, new born baby.
Therefore this character has the inherent meaning and time.
In other words, there are three successive categories of meaning and time, pregnancy, birth and support.
The quantum is essentially structural.
#6
This concept originates in the paper of Sergej Karcevskij, “Du dualisme asymetrique du signe linguistique”.
#7
The quantum of language disappears when the meaning of the quantum goes out of use.
For example, Chinese character /bu/ not originally meant a part of flower.
But this notional meaning disappeared early in the Chinese language.
Later instead of this meaning, /bu/ possessed the denial function. 
#8
Chinese character /jiao/ means teach in English, containing short time.
Chinese character /shi/ means room in English, containing long time.
Time of existence is longer than time of movement. Therefore /jiao shi/ makes one word. It means classroom.
But /shi jiao/ make one sentence, not one word. It means in the classroom I teach.
So connection and separation of the quanta are the new syntactic principle of the Chinese language.
It is called< time principle of quantum>.
#9
This theory is also a gift to anthropology, which always gives the theory flashes of thinking.
Many thanks for anthropology, especially for the book of Kawada Junzo, Mumoji shakai no rekishi.   
#10
In Chinese traditional syntax, characters have been classified into two groups, /shi ci/ notional words and /xu ci/ functional words.
In this quantum theory, notional words have long time, functional words have short time.
Orbit table is made by the time measuring of this traditional classification.
<Quantum Theory for Language> inherits the linguistic method from /xiaoxue/ small study of the /Qing/ Ching dynasty.


Tokyo 
January 15, 2004
For the memory of Hakuba August 23, 2003
Sekinan Research Field of Language


Postscript
[References / January 21, 2008]
<On the property of quantum>
Clifford Algebra / Note 1 / From Super Space to Quantization / Tokyo January 10, 2008
<On orbit and orbit table>
Clifford Algebra / Note 3 / Anti-self-dual Form / Tokyo January 15, 2008

[References / December 21, 2008]
<Survey at the time>
Quantum Theory for Language / Simplified Review
Brief History of Quantum Theory for language
Log of Quantum Theory for Language / Love and Thanks to the Pioneers
Log of Quantum Theory for Language / On the Themes of SAPIR and KARCEVSKIJ
<Following theory at the time>
Mirror Theory
<A conclusion at the time>
Warp Theory

[Reference / January 1, 2009]
<On meaning and grammar>Orbit of Word / Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / sekinanlogos

On Time Property Inherent in Characters

 

On Time Property Inherent in Characters  

TANAKA Akio 

Here I will try to consider on the generation and the function of characters that have been used in Chinese which is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology.

Concerning the early forms of characters, we can verify them by the ancient inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell that were discovered at /Yinxu/ and so forth. At the first stage that is usually classified to five on the inscriptions, they already displayed the inceptive completion, from where it is very difficult to speculate the beginning shapes of characters. On vocabulary and syntax, inscriptions displayed the almost same inceptive completion. Here what is inceptive completion is meant that comprehension or speculation is practicable by the usage of modern Chinese. Therefore the generation and the function of characters are subsidiary after the inscriptions. On the situation of forming the inscriptions namely explanation to decipher inscriptions, many researches are accumulated. Here, in these researches, I proceed with consideration claiming the works of after 1990 in main.

1 Generation of characters

When we see the inscription of character /yu/ that means bringing up in English, it is impossible to doubt that this inscription shows the situation of childbirth time by woman. In this inscription the situation of childbirth is shown by three stages. First there is a figure in which woman is going to give birth to a baby crossing both arms at the front of her chest. She takes a bent-forward posture, sticks her buttocks out and bend her knees gently. Second the situation of what the waters break is shown by the signs similar to dotted lines. Third at central or under part of the waters, a new born baby is shown in the shape of baby’s head inverted. Through three factors illustrated in the inscription, character /yu/ is clearly expressed the situation of childbirth time and the immediately after the birth time.

When we see the inscription of character /yan/ that means language or speak in English, the form of the inscription is simplified or transformed considerably at the first stage of classification on inscriptions. So the explanation to decipher inscriptions is developed variously. Here I will show one interpretation including the result of Chinese archeology in recent years. A form of character /yan/ is able to see the three parts that are upper, middle and under. According to the result of Chinese archeology, the upper part is regarded as the tongue’s point of a bronze bell used at meeting in /Yin/ period. The central part of character /yan/ is the body of a tongue. The under part of character /yan/ is regarded to be the outside of a bell. In /Yin/ period, at the time to let the meeting begin, the bronze-like bell was ringed loudly to let the people connected to know. When the meeting was opened, the bell was inferred to put up side down on a table. That is to say, the main body of a bell is inferred to be putted up side down and the tongue of a bell is inferred to be putted upward on the form of bell’s setting. This setting of a bell is shaped regarded to become the character’s form of inscription of on bone and tortoiseshell.   According to this interpretation of the inscription, /yan/ can be said to show the situation of post-notification of a meeting in /Yin/ period.

Therefore the figuration of the reversed bell was regarded to become the inscription of character /yan/.

   When we see the inscription of character /geng/ that means to cross in English, we comprehend that the inscription shows the two parallel lines in which a bow pattern is included. WANG Guowei†0 regarded that this inscription is as same as the character /heng/ that means permanent or lasting in English. Now I follow his interpretation. He wrote in his paper that two up-and-down lines are both banks of a river and inner bow shaped figure is a ship which goes and returns between the banks†1. According to this interpretation, /geng/ or /heng/ shows the operations of crossing a river, that operations are permanently repeated in an identical space†1.

From the inscriptions of three characters of /yu/, /yan/ and /geng/, now we can induce or infer the following.

First, Inscriptions which are original shapes of characters, in some cases, have a proceeding time in characters themselves. That is to say, as for character /yu/, that means the time of childbirth, from beginning to end. As for character /yan/, that means the time of meeting, from announcement to being open. As for character /heng/, that means the proceeding time of crossing the river by ferry.

Second, on the inscriptions, several aspects of the various phenomena which occur on the proceeding time in characters are sometimes shown by the images or implications. As for character /yu/, remarkable aspects’ figures are bending mother’s body, amniotic fluid and new born baby†2. As for character /yan/, the one remarkable is the bell which is set in the upside down condition, which means the announcement of meeting which was already opened a few minutes ago. The other remarkable is the same bell which is set on the table in the upside down condition, which means the meeting is now going†3. As for character /heng/, remarkable aspects are both banks and a ferry boat.

Third, on the inscriptions, several aspects, which are shown by the remarkable figures, transmit the messages. As for character /yu/, babybirth from mother’s body, the situation of birth time and new baby appeared in this world are transmitted simultaneously by the one character /yu/. As for character /yan/, transmitting is announcement of meeting, opening of meeting and contents of being discussed by the meeting. As for character /heng/, work of crossing the river, reach the opposite bank of the river and repetitions of these works, namely, constancy are transmitted for the information.

Therefore from the induction or inference on the generation of character’s meaning above mentioned, the following function of characters is led for us.

2 Function of characters

   First, the time-proceeding aspect being inhered in every character has the strong tendency toward the most distinctive information of the real world. As for character /yu/, while woman is giving birth to a baby, the most distinctive information is the figure of mother’s body bending, and after birth, the existence of a new baby becomes the most distinctive information†2. The various grammatical functions of one character are generated from the time proceeding and successive phenomena of distinctive aspects in the real world.

As for character /yu/, at the birth time, verbal aspect of giving birth is emphasized, but after birth nounal aspect of a new born baby oneself is emphasized. As for character /yan/, before the meeting verbal aspect of telling the opening is the most important thing, but while being opened or after the meeting the nounal aspect of speaking content of the meeting is the most valuable thing†3.       

Second, when two or over two characters are connected, every character wants to emphasizes selecting one distinctive aspect inherent in oneself, and want to connect to the other character or characters. Because if two or over two aspects is transmitted, there will appear the non-clearness in the information. As for character /yu/, connection with character /sheng/ (which means grow in English), namely /sheng yu/, in this situation /yu/ means give birth to in English. Connection with /cai/ (which means a person of talent in English), namely /yu cai/, in this situation /yu/ means educate in English. That is to say, character /yu/ has two phases of meanings. One is concerned with the situation of child-birth of mother’s body. The other is concerned with the situation of a person that is already growing.

Third, every character has several aspects of inherent time inclination. When there is a connection of two characters, each character has the choosing operation from the several meanings in the character. Two or over two characters generate a new meaning complex by the operations of choosing the most precedent meaning in the each. This complex can maintain the new clearness of information on the connection of characters which have many branches of meanings in total.

For example, from above mentioned characters /yu/, /yan/ and /heng/, when two characters /heng/ and /yan/ are connected to one word /heng yan/, /heng/ chooses the meaning constant in English and /yan/ chooses the meaning utterance in English. New meaning complex is the expression by the stable person. This /heng yan/ appears in the Chinese classic Mengzi by the complex meaning.  

Then, when every individual character does selectivity of aspects, what functions does work in the characters? On the other hand, when two or over two characters connect by the choosing the most precedent meaning respectively, what functions does work out of the characters?

3 Self selectivity of function on character 

Now I examine the situation of what two or over two characters connect and generate the new aspect complex. For instance, I adopt above mentioned characters connection word /heng yan/.

In the first place, /yan heng/, which is a reverse disposition of /heng yan/, is examined. This characters disposition is not notified as the one word generally in the Chinese. This characters set is usually recognized as a sentence. The meaning is <The utterance is eternal.> in English. That is to say, this characters set does not generate new aspect complex and two aspects of every individual character form in a line. Why this divergence, namely generating word or sentence, occurs in the characters disposition?

Here I infer that< time property inherent in characters> is worked. Detailed inference is mentioned below.

On <time inherent in characters>, time has various longitudes, from short to long. As the case stands that two times in two characters touch in succession and the former character’ time is longer than the latter character’ time, these two characters connect tightly and generate a new aspect complex. But on the reverse situation, that is to say, the former character has shorter time than the latter character, these two characters have the difficulty to generate a new aspect complex, every individual character has a tendency to stand alone each other.

As for characters connection /heng yan/, character /heng/ has <an eternally long time> inherent, on the other hand, character /yan/ has <a temporary short time>. Like this connection of characters that the former is long time inherent and the latter is short time inherent, a new aspect complex is generated in principle.

Therefore characters /heng yan/ become one word and characters /yan heng/ become one sentence which is constituted from the two characters.

That is to say, on Chinese language that is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology, for there are no phenomena of declension, the main them of the grammatical functions is the break of words, namely characters, and the selection of parts of speech.

On the decision of grammatical functions, now I institute two conceptions for language. One is <time inherent in characters>. The other is <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>.

<Time inherent in characters> is above mentioned. <Self selectivity of aspects> is also above mentioned. Say over again, when time inherent in the successive character is shorter than the former character’s, two characters are composed and become one word. But the latter is longer than the former; two characters are not composed and become one sentence.

As a result, there become two divergences. One is the generation of a new aspect complex. The other is succession of two individual aspects. The former become a word. The latter become a sentence.

This distinction leads a new view for the generation of lexis and the structure of syntax. Time inherent in characters is examined by the property of characters, especially by the inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell in ancient China. Therefore <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters> is a hypothesis in the present stages.

4 Time principle on language

 Generally, recognition of word or structure of meaning on word, which is estimated one of the most important themes on linguistics, is extremely difficult to examine for long time. For the examination of the theme, now I chose the inscriptions on ancient China. These inscriptions are the most effective materials for analyzing the structure of meaning on language. Then, one of the most effective means is to verify <Time inherent in characters> and <Self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>. Now I collectively call these two factors as <Time principle on language>.


Hakuba March 28, 2003
Written by Japanese
Original Edition

Tokyo January 3, 2005
Translated into English
Standard Edition

Sekinan Research Field of Language
 
[Postscript June 23, 2008]
†0<WANG Guowei>

• Sekinan Research Field of Language / 5 WANG Guowei / Tokyo November 8, 2004
• For WANG Guowei

†1<Period>

• Stochastic Meaning Theory / June 22, 2008

†2<Multi-time>

• Clifford Algebra / Note 5 / TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-Time Theory / Tokyo January 25, 2008

†3<Time flow>

• Time Theory / Tokyo December 25, 2004
• Language and spacetime / Time Flow in Word / Tokyo May 3, 2007

<More details on the theme>

• Invitation by Theme-Time / Tokyo January 6, 2008

[Postscript July 11. 2008]

• Solid Trace Theory / Solid Trace / Tokyo April 19, 2006
• For Authentication of Solidity / Tokyo November 6, 2005

[Postscript December 23, 2008]

• Energy Distance Theory / Conjecture 2 / Geometry of Word / Tokyo November 23, 2008
• Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / Conjecture 5 / Time of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com 

[Postscript July 30, 2014]

• TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-time Theory / Clifford Algebra Note 5 / 25 January 2008 / Note added 30 July 2014