Distance Theory Algebraically Supplemented
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Point Preparatory consideration
TANAKA Akio
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<Homeomorphism>
Continuous map f : X → Y
Inverse continuous map f -1 : Y → X
f ( or f -1 ) is homeomorphism.
X and Y are homeomorphic.
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<Homotopy>
Two topological space X, Y
Continuous map fi : X → Y ( i = 0,1)
Family of continuous maps ft : X → Y ( t∈[0,1] )
Existence of maps is homotopic.
Expression is f0 ≅ f1
ft ( t∈[ 0,1] ) is homotopy.
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<Homotopy equivalent>
Two topological space X, Y
Continuous map f : X → Y g : X → Y
Composition g ○f : X → X f ○g : Y → Y
Homotopy g ○f ≅ Id X f ○g ≅ IdY
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<Topological pair>
Topological space X
Topological subspace A
Topological pair ( X, A )
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<Attaching space>
Two topological space X, Y
X⋂Y = Ø
X⊃A, Y⊃B
Homeomorphism (and attaching map) h : B→A
Attaching space X∪hY
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<Cell complex>
n-dimensional disk Dn (n≧1)
n-dimensional sphere Sn-1 (n≧1)
∂Dn = Sn-1
i-dimensional disk Di
Inside of Di Di - ∂Di = Di – Sn-1
Homeomorphism at inside of Di i cell (0≦i≦1) Expression is ei.
Closed cell of ei ēi
ēi - ∂ēi = ei
Topological space X
Sum of cells X0 = ē01∪…∪ē0m
Attaching map h1 : ∂X(1) → X0
Attaching space X1:= X0∪h1 X(1)
Xn = Xn-1∪hn X(n)
X = Xn
X is n-dimensional cell complex (or cell complex).
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<Homotopy>
Topological space X
Subspace A that has only a point x0 ( x0 is called base point.)
Topological space pair ( X, x0 )
Homotopy set [ (In, ∂In), ( X, x0 ) ] n; natural number
The set is group.
n-dimensional sphere Sn
A base point on Sn x0
Topological space pair (Sn, x0)
Isomorphism [ (In, ∂In), ( X, x0 ) ] ≅ [ (Sn, x0), ( X, x0 ) ]
Arbitrary two points in X x0, x1
Natural number n
Isomorphism [ (In, ∂In), ( X, x0 ) ] ≅ [ (In, ∂In), ( X, x1) ]
[ (In, ∂In), ( X, x0 ) ] that is entered group structure is called 1-dimensional homotopy group π1 ( X, x0 )
π1 ( X, x0 ) is called fundamental group.
π1 ( X, x0 ) ≅ { 1 } is called simply connected.
n-dimensional homotopy group is commutative group.
Two topological space pairs ( X, x0 ), ( Y, y0 ) are homotopy equivalent.
Isomorphism πn ( X, x0 ) ≅πn ( Y, y0 )
Arbitrary two points in X x0, x1
Isomorphism h : ( X, x0 ) → ( X, x1 )
Homotopy equivalent
Isomorphism πn( X, x0 ) ≅ ( X, x1 )
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<Convex set>
Vector space over real number field X
K⊂X
Arbitrary points in K x, y
K is convex set when what x and y make line segment is contained in K.
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<Simplex>
(n+1) points in space Rn p0, …, pn
Minimal vertex set σn = ( p0, …, pn ) is called n-simplex. n is dimension ofσn.
Face ofσn j-simplexσj = ( p01, …, pnj )
Boundary ofσn all the simplexes less or equal (n-1) dimensions Expression is ∂σn.
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<Simplicial complex>
Simplex in Rn σn
Set of simplexes S = {σn }
S satisfied by next conditions is Simplicial complex.
(1) σn∈S → all the faces ofσn∈S
(2) σm1,σn2∈S →σm1⋂σn2 is face ofσm1 and σn2.
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<Polyhedron>
Topological space that consists of sum of all the simplexes
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<Triangulation>
Topological space X
Simplicial complex K
Polyhedron of K | K |
Making K that is homeomorphic between | K | and X is triangulation.
Topological space is regarded as simplicial complex.
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<Simplicial complex homology group>
Simplicial complexes makes simplicial complex homology group by definition of equivalent relation.
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<Subdivision>
From Simplicial complex, composed simplexes are divided to smaller simplexes.
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<Simplicial map>
By subdivision, continuous map from simplicial complexes to another one can be approximated by simplicial approximation theorem.
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<Simplicial approximation theorem>
Topological space X
Simplicial complex K
Polyhedron of K | K |
Homeomorphic map t : | K | → X
Triangulation T = ( K, t )
Topological space X1, X2
Triangulation T 1= ( K1, t1 ) T 2= ( K2, t2 )
Simplicial map f : X1 → X2
Simplicial map on T1, T2 φ: X1 → X2
Point x∈X1
φ (x)∈simplex of T2
φ is smplicial approximation of f.
Existence of φ is called simplicial approximation theorem.
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<Dimension axiom of homology group>
Topological space pair ( X, A )
Commutative group hp ( X, A ) (p = 0,1,2,…)
Topological space being consisted of a point pt when p≧1 hp (pt) = 0
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<CW complex>
Cell complex X
When X satisfies next two conditions, X is CW complex.
(1) Closed cell ē of X’s cell is contained in sum-set of finite cells. The closed cell is called <closure finite>.
(2) Subset of X U
Toward cell of X, when U ⋂ ē is open set of e, U is only open set at the time. This situation is called <weak topology>.
CW complex is locally contractible in paracompact normal space.
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<Locally contractible>
Paracompact is that locally finite is given by adequate <refinement> toward arbitrary open covering in topological space.
Normal space is satisfies T2 (Fréchet separation axiom) and T4 ( Tietze separation axiom) in topological space.
Topological space X
A point of X p
Arbitrary neighborhood of p U
Open neighborhood of p V
V⊂U
Toward U, there exists that inclusion map i : V → U and Constant map cp are homotopic.
From Hausdorff space ( topological T2 space ) to complex ( especially CW complex ), bridge is algebraically built by approach between space and a point.
Tokyo October 12, 2007
Sekinan Research Field of Language
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